Nobel Awards - Nobel Academia

Chemistry 2025

Susumu Kitagawa

"for the development of metal–organic frameworks"

Richard Robson

"for the development of metal–organic frameworks"

Omar M. Yaghi

"for the development of metal–organic frameworks"

Economic Sciences 2025

Joel Mokyr

"for having identified the prerequisites for sustained growth through technological progress"

Philippe Aghion

"for the theory of sustained growth through creative destruction"

Peter Howitt

"for the theory of sustained growth through creative destruction"

Literature 2025

László Krasznahorkai

"for his compelling and visionary oeuvre that, in the midst of apocalyptic terror, reaffirms the power of art"

Peace 2025

Maria Corina Machado

"for her tireless work promoting democratic rights for the people of Venezuela and for her struggle to achieve a just and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy"

Physics 2025

John Clarke

"for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit"

Michel H. Devoret

"for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit"

John M. Martinis

"for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit"

Physiology or Medicine 2025

Mary E. Brunkow

"for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance"

Fred Ramsdell

"for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance"

Shimon Sakaguchi

"for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance"

Chemistry 2024

David Baker

"for computational protein design"

Demis Hassabis

"for protein structure prediction"

John Jumper

"for protein structure prediction"

Economic Sciences 2024

Daron Acemoglu

"for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity"

Simon Johnson

"for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity"

James A. Robinson

"for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity"

Literature 2024

Han Kang

"for her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life"

Peace 2024

Nihon Hidankyo

"for its efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again"

Physics 2024

John J. Hopfield

"for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks"

Geoffrey Hinton

"for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks"

Physiology or Medicine 2024

Victor Ambros

"for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation"

Gary Ruvkun

"for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation"

Chemistry 2023

Moungi Bawendi

"for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots"

Louis Brus

"for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots"

Aleksey Yekimov

"for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots"

Economic Sciences 2023

Claudia Goldin

"for having advanced our understanding of women’s labour market outcomes"

Literature 2023

Jon Fosse

"for his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable"

Peace 2023

Narges Mohammadi

"for her fight against the oppression of women in Iran and her fight to promote human rights and freedom for all"

Physics 2023

Pierre Agostini

"for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter"

Ferenc Krausz

"for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter"

Anne L’Huillier

"for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter"

Physiology or Medicine 2023

Katalin Karikó

"for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19"

Drew Weissman

"for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19"

Chemistry 2022

Carolyn Bertozzi

"for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry"

Morten Meldal

"for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry"

K. Barry Sharpless

"for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry"

Economic Sciences 2022

Ben Bernanke

"for research on banks and financial crises"

Douglas Diamond

"for research on banks and financial crises"

Philip Dybvig

"for research on banks and financial crises"

Literature 2022

Annie Ernaux

"for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory"

Peace 2022

Ales Bialiatski

"The Peace Prize laureates represent civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes, human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy."

Memorial

"The Peace Prize laureates represent civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes, human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy."

Center for Civil Liberties

"The Peace Prize laureates represent civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes, human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy."

Physics 2022

Alain Aspect

"for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science"

John Clauser

"for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science"

Anton Zeilinger

"for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science"

Physiology or Medicine 2022

Svante Pääbo

"for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution"

Chemistry 2021

Benjamin List

"for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis"

David W.C. MacMillan

"for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis"

Economic Sciences 2021

David Card

"for his empirical contributions to labour economics"

Joshua D. Angrist

"for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships"

Guido W. Imbens

"for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships"

Literature 2021

Abdulrazak Gurnah

"for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents"

Peace 2021

Maria Ressa

"for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace"

Dmitry Muratov

"for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace"

Physics 2021

Syukuro Manabe

"for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming"

Klaus Hasselmann

"for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming"

Giorgio Parisi

"for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales"

Physiology or Medicine 2021

David Julius

"for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch"

Ardem Patapoutian

"for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch"

Chemistry 2020

Emmanuelle Charpentier

"for the development of a method for genome editing"

Jennifer A. Doudna

"for the development of a method for genome editing"

Economic Sciences 2020

Paul R. Milgrom

"for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats"

Robert B. Wilson

"for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats"

Literature 2020

Louise Glück

"for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal"

Peace 2020

World Food Programme

"for its efforts to combat hunger, for its contribution to bettering conditions for peace in conflict-affected areas and for acting as a driving force in efforts to prevent the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict"

Physics 2020

Roger Penrose

"for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity"

Reinhard Genzel

"for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy"

Andrea Ghez

"for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy"

Physiology or Medicine 2020

Harvey J. Alter

"for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus"

Michael Houghton

"for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus"

Charles M. Rice

"for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus"

Chemistry 2019

John B. Goodenough

"for the development of lithium-ion batteries"

M. Stanley Whittingham

"for the development of lithium-ion batteries"

Akira Yoshino

"for the development of lithium-ion batteries"

Economic Sciences 2019

Abhijit Banerjee

"for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty"

Esther Duflo

"for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty"

Michael Kremer

"for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty"

Literature 2019

Peter Handke

"for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience"

Peace 2019

Abiy Ahmed Ali

"for his efforts to achieve peace and international cooperation, and in particular for his decisive initiative to resolve the border conflict with neighbouring Eritrea"

Physics 2019

James Peebles

"for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology"

Michel Mayor

"for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star"

Didier Queloz

"for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star"

Physiology or Medicine 2019

William G. Kaelin Jr

"for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability"

Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe

"for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability"

Gregg L. Semenza

"for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability"

Chemistry 2018

Frances H. Arnold

"for the directed evolution of enzymes"

George P. Smith

"for the phage display of peptides and antibodies"

Sir Gregory P. Winter

"for the phage display of peptides and antibodies"

Economic Sciences 2018

William D. Nordhaus

"for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis"

Paul M. Romer

"for integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis"

Literature 2018

Olga Tokarczuk

"for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life"

Peace 2018

Denis Mukwege

"for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict"

Nadia Murad

"for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict"

Physics 2018

Arthur Ashkin

"for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems"

Gérard Mourou

"for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses"

Donna Strickland

"for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses"

Physiology or Medicine 2018

James P. Allison

"for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation"

Tasuku Honjo

"for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation"

Chemistry 2017

Jacques Dubochet

"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution"

Joachim Frank

"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution"

Richard Henderson

"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution"

Economic Sciences 2017

Richard H. Thaler

"for his contributions to behavioural economics"

Literature 2017

Kazuo Ishiguro

"who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world"

Peace 2017

International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons

"for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons"

Physics 2017

Rainer Weiss

"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"

Barry C. Barish

"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"

Kip S. Thorne

"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"

Physiology or Medicine 2017

Jeffrey C. Hall

"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"

Michael Rosbash

"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"

Michael W. Young

"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"

Chemistry 2016

Jean-Pierre Sauvage

"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines"

Sir J. Fraser Stoddart

"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines"

Bernard L. Feringa

"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines"

Economic Sciences 2016

Oliver Hart

"for their contributions to contract theory"

Bengt Holmström

"for their contributions to contract theory"

Literature 2016

Bob Dylan

"for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition"

Peace 2016

Juan Manuel Santos

"for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end"

Physics 2016

David J. Thouless

"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"

F. Duncan M. Haldane

"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"

J. Michael Kosterlitz

"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"

Physiology or Medicine 2016

Yoshinori Ohsumi

"for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy"

Chemistry 2015

Tomas Lindahl

"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair"

Paul Modrich

"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair"

Aziz Sancar

"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair"

Economic Sciences 2015

Angus Deaton

"for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare"

Literature 2015

Svetlana Alexievich

"for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time"

Peace 2015

National Dialogue Quartet

"for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011"

Physics 2015

Takaaki Kajita

"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass"

Arthur B. McDonald

"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass"

Physiology or Medicine 2015

William C. Campbell

"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites"

Satoshi Ōmura

"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites"

Tu Youyou

"for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria"

Chemistry 2014

Eric Betzig

"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"

Stefan W. Hell

"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"

William E. Moerner

"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"

Economic Sciences 2014

Jean Tirole

"for his analysis of market power and regulation"

Literature 2014

Patrick Modiano

"for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation"

Peace 2014

Kailash Satyarthi

"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education"

Malala Yousafzai

"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education"

Physics 2014

Isamu Akasaki

"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"

Hiroshi Amano

"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"

Shuji Nakamura

"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"

Physiology or Medicine 2014

John O'Keefe

"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"

May-Britt Moser

"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"

Edvard I. Moser

"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"

Chemistry 2013

Martin Karplus

"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"

Michael Levitt

"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"

Arieh Warshel

"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"

Economic Sciences 2013

Eugene F. Fama

"for their empirical analysis of asset prices"

Lars Peter Hansen

"for their empirical analysis of asset prices"

Robert J. Shiller

"for their empirical analysis of asset prices"

Literature 2013

Alice Munro

"master of the contemporary short story"

Peace 2013

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

"for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons"

Physics 2013

François Englert

"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"

Peter Higgs

"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"

Physiology or Medicine 2013

James E. Rothman

"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"

Randy W. Schekman

"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"

Thomas C. Südhof

"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"

Chemistry 2012

Robert J. Lefkowitz

"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"

Brian Kobilka

"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"

Economic Sciences 2012

Alvin E. Roth

"for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design"

Lloyd S. Shapley

"for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design"

Literature 2012

Mo Yan

"who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary"

Peace 2012

European Union

"for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe"

Physics 2012

Serge Haroche

"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"

David J. Wineland

"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"

Physiology or Medicine 2012

Sir John B. Gurdon

"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"

Shinya Yamanaka

"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"

Chemistry 2011

Dan Shechtman

"for the discovery of quasicrystals"

Economic Sciences 2011

Thomas J. Sargent

"for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy"

Christopher A. Sims

"for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy"

Literature 2011

Tomas Tranströmer

"because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality"

Peace 2011

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"

Leymah Gbowee

"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"

Tawakkol Karman

"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"

Physics 2011

Saul Perlmutter

"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"

Brian P. Schmidt

"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"

Adam G. Riess

"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"

Physiology or Medicine 2011

Bruce A. Beutler

"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"

Jules A. Hoffmann

"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"

Ralph M. Steinman

"for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity"

Chemistry 2010

Richard F. Heck

"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis"

Ei-ichi Negishi

"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis"

Akira Suzuki

"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis"

Economic Sciences 2010

Peter A. Diamond

"for their analysis of markets with search frictions"

Dale T. Mortensen

"for their analysis of markets with search frictions"

Christopher A. Pissarides

"for their analysis of markets with search frictions"

Literature 2010

Mario Vargas Llosa

"for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat"

Peace 2010

Liu Xiaobo

"for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China"

Physics 2010

Andre Geim

"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"

Konstantin Novoselov

"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"

Physiology or Medicine 2010

Robert G. Edwards

"for the development of in vitro fertilization"

Chemistry 2009

Venkatraman Ramakrishnan

"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"

Thomas A. Steitz

"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"

Ada E. Yonath

"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"

Economic Sciences 2009

Elinor Ostrom

"for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons"

Oliver E. Williamson

"for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm"

Literature 2009

Herta Müller

"who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"

Peace 2009

Barack H. Obama

"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples"

Physics 2009

Charles K. Kao

"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"

Willard S. Boyle

"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor"

George E. Smith

"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor"

Physiology or Medicine 2009

Elizabeth H. Blackburn

"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"

Carol W. Greider

"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"

Jack W. Szostak

"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"

Chemistry 2008

Osamu Shimomura

"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"

Martin Chalfie

"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"

Roger Y. Tsien

"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"

Economic Sciences 2008

Paul Krugman

"for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity"

Literature 2008

Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio

"author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization"

Peace 2008

Martti Ahtisaari

"for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts"

Physics 2008

Yoichiro Nambu

"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"

Makoto Kobayashi

"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature"

Toshihide Maskawa

"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature"

Physiology or Medicine 2008

Harald zur Hausen

"for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer"

Françoise Barré-Sinoussi

"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"

Luc Montagnier

"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"

Chemistry 2007

Gerhard Ertl

"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"

Economic Sciences 2007

Leonid Hurwicz

"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"

Eric S. Maskin

"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"

Roger B. Myerson

"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"

Literature 2007

Doris Lessing

"that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny"

Peace 2007

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"

Al Gore

"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"

Physics 2007

Albert Fert

"for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance"

Peter Grünberg

"for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance"

Physiology or Medicine 2007

Mario R. Capecchi

"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"

Sir Martin J. Evans

"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"

Oliver Smithies

"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"

Chemistry 2006

Roger D. Kornberg

"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"

Economic Sciences 2006

Edmund S. Phelps

"for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy"

Literature 2006

Orhan Pamuk

"who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures"

Peace 2006

Muhammad Yunus

"for their efforts to create economic and social development from below"

Grameen Bank

"for their efforts to create economic and social development from below"

Physics 2006

John C. Mather

"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"

George F. Smoot

"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"

Physiology or Medicine 2006

Andrew Z. Fire

"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"

Craig C. Mello

"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"

Chemistry 2005

Yves Chauvin

"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"

Robert H. Grubbs

"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"

Richard R. Schrock

"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"

Economic Sciences 2005

Robert J. Aumann

"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"

Thomas C. Schelling

"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"

Literature 2005

Harold Pinter

"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"

Peace 2005

International Atomic Energy Agency

"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way"

Mohamed ElBaradei

"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way"

Physics 2005

Roy J. Glauber

"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"

John L. Hall

"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"

Theodor W. Hänsch

"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"

Physiology or Medicine 2005

Barry J. Marshall

"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"

J. Robin Warren

"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"

Chemistry 2004

Aaron Ciechanover

"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"

Avram Hershko

"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"

Irwin Rose

"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"

Economic Sciences 2004

Finn E. Kydland

"for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles"

Edward C. Prescott

"for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles"

Literature 2004

Elfriede Jelinek

"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"

Peace 2004

Wangari Maathai

"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"

Physics 2004

David J. Gross

"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"

H. David Politzer

"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"

Frank Wilczek

"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"

Physiology or Medicine 2004

Richard Axel

"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"

Linda B. Buck

"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"

Chemistry 2003

Peter Agre

"for the discovery of water channels"

Roderick MacKinnon

"for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"

Economic Sciences 2003

Robert F. Engle III

"for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)"

Clive W.J. Granger

"for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)"

Literature 2003

J. M. Coetzee

"who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider"

Peace 2003

Shirin Ebadi

"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children"

Physics 2003

Alexei Abrikosov

"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"

Vitaly L. Ginzburg

"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"

Anthony J. Leggett

"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"

Physiology or Medicine 2003

Paul C. Lauterbur

"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"

Sir Peter Mansfield

"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"

Chemistry 2002

John B. Fenn

"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"

Koichi Tanaka

"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"

Kurt Wüthrich

"for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"

Economic Sciences 2002

Daniel Kahneman

"for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"

Vernon L. Smith

"for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms"

Literature 2002

Imre Kertész

"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"

Peace 2002

Jimmy Carter

"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"

Physics 2002

Raymond Davis Jr.

"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"

Masatoshi Koshiba

"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"

Riccardo Giacconi

"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"

Physiology or Medicine 2002

Sydney Brenner

"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death"

H. Robert Horvitz

"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death"

John E. Sulston

"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death"

Chemistry 2001

William Knowles

"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"

Ryoji Noyori

"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"

K. Barry Sharpless

"for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"

Economic Sciences 2001

George A. Akerlof

"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"

A. Michael Spence

"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"

Joseph E. Stiglitz

"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"

Literature 2001

V. S. Naipaul

"for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories"

Peace 2001

United Nations

"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world"

Kofi Annan

"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world"

Physics 2001

Eric Cornell

"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"

Wolfgang Ketterle

"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"

Carl Wieman

"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"

Physiology or Medicine 2001

Leland Hartwell

"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"

Tim Hunt

"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"

Sir Paul Nurse

"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"

Chemistry 2000

Alan Heeger

"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"

Alan MacDiarmid

"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"

Hideki Shirakawa

"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"

Economic Sciences 2000

James J. Heckman

"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples"

Daniel L. McFadden

"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice"

Literature 2000

Gao Xingjian

"for an œuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama"

Peace 2000

Kim Dae-jung

"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular"

Physics 2000

Zhores Alferov

"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics"

Herbert Kroemer

"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics"

Jack Kilby

"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"

Physiology or Medicine 2000

Arvid Carlsson

"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"

Paul Greengard

"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"

Eric Kandel

"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"

Chemistry 1999

Ahmed Zewail

"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"

Economic Sciences 1999

Robert Mundell

"for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas"

Literature 1999

Günter Grass

"whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history"

Peace 1999

Doctors Without Borders

"in recognition of the organisation's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents"

Physics 1999

Gerardus 't Hooft

"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"

Martinus J.G. Veltman

"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"

Physiology or Medicine 1999

Günter Blobel

"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"

Chemistry 1998

Walter Kohn

"for his development of the density-functional theory"

John Pople

"for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"

Economic Sciences 1998

Amartya Sen

"for his contributions to welfare economics"

Literature 1998

José Saramago

"who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality"

Peace 1998

John Hume

"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland"

David Trimble

"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland"

Physics 1998

Robert B. Laughlin

"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"

Horst L. Störmer

"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"

Daniel C. Tsui

"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"

Physiology or Medicine 1998

Robert F. Furchgott

"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"

Louis J. Ignarro

"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"

Ferid Murad

"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"

Chemistry 1997

Paul D. Boyer

"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"

John E. Walker

"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"

Jens C. Skou

"for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"

Economic Sciences 1997

Robert C. Merton

"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"

Myron Scholes

"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"

Literature 1997

Dario Fo

"who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden"

Peace 1997

International Campaign to Ban Landmines

"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines"

Jody Williams

"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines"

Physics 1997

Steven Chu

"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"

Claude Cohen-Tannoudji

"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"

William D. Phillips

"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"

Physiology or Medicine 1997

Stanley B. Prusiner

"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"

Chemistry 1996

Robert F. Curl Jr.

"for their discovery of fullerenes"

Sir Harold Kroto

"for their discovery of fullerenes"

Richard E. Smalley

"for their discovery of fullerenes"

Economic Sciences 1996

James A. Mirrlees

"for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information"

William Vickrey

"for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information"

Literature 1996

Wisława Szymborska

"for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality"

Peace 1996

Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo

"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor"

José Ramos-Horta

"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor"

Physics 1996

David M. Lee

"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"

Douglas D. Osheroff

"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"

Robert C. Richardson

"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"

Physiology or Medicine 1996

Peter C. Doherty

"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"

Rolf M. Zinkernagel

"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"

Chemistry 1995

Paul J. Crutzen

"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"

Mario J. Molina

"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"

F. Sherwood Rowland

"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"

Economic Sciences 1995

Robert E. Lucas Jr.

"for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy"

Literature 1995

Seamus Heaney

"for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past"

Peace 1995

Joseph Rotblat

"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"

Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs

"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"

Physics 1995

Martin L. Perl

"for the discovery of the tau lepton"

Frederick Reines

"for the detection of the neutrino"

Physiology or Medicine 1995

Edward B. Lewis

"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard

"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"

Eric F. Wieschaus

"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"

Chemistry 1994

George A. Olah

"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"

Economic Sciences 1994

John C. Harsanyi

"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"

John F. Nash Jr.

"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"

Reinhard Selten

"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"

Literature 1994

Kenzaburo Oe

"who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today"

Peace 1994

Yasser Arafat

"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East"

Shimon Peres

"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East"

Yitzhak Rabin

"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East"

Physics 1994

Bertram N. Brockhouse

"for the development of neutron spectroscopy"

Clifford G. Shull

"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique"

Physiology or Medicine 1994

Alfred G. Gilman

"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"

Martin Rodbell

"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"

Chemistry 1993

Kary B. Mullis

"for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"

Michael Smith

"for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"

Economic Sciences 1993

Robert W. Fogel

"for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"

Douglass C. North

"for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"

Literature 1993

Toni Morrison

"who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"

Peace 1993

Nelson Mandela

"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa"

F.W. de Klerk

"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa"

Physics 1993

Russell A. Hulse

"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"

Joseph H. Taylor Jr.

"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"

Physiology or Medicine 1993

Richard J. Roberts

"for their discoveries of split genes"

Phillip A. Sharp

"for their discoveries of split genes"

Chemistry 1992

Rudolph A. Marcus

"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"

Economic Sciences 1992

Gary Becker

"for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour"

Literature 1992

Derek Walcott

"for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment"

Peace 1992

Rigoberta Menchú Tum

"for her struggle for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples"

Physics 1992

Georges Charpak

"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"

Physiology or Medicine 1992

Edmond H. Fischer

"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"

Edwin G. Krebs

"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"

Chemistry 1991

Richard R. Ernst

"for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"

Economic Sciences 1991

Ronald H. Coase

"for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy"

Literature 1991

Nadine Gordimer

"who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity"

Peace 1991

Aung San Suu Kyi

"for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights"

Physics 1991

Pierre-Gilles de Gennes

"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers"

Physiology or Medicine 1991

Erwin Neher

"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"

Bert Sakmann

"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"

Chemistry 1990

Elias James Corey

"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"

Economic Sciences 1990

Harry M. Markowitz

"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics"

Merton H. Miller

"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics"

William F. Sharpe

"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics"

Literature 1990

Octavio Paz

"for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity"

Peace 1990

Mikhail Gorbachev

"for the leading role he played in the radical changes in East-West relations"

Physics 1990

Jerome I. Friedman

"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"

Henry W. Kendall

"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"

Richard E. Taylor

"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"

Physiology or Medicine 1990

Joseph E. Murray

"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"

E. Donnall Thomas

"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"

Chemistry 1989

Sidney Altman

"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"

Thomas R. Cech

"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"

Economic Sciences 1989

Trygve Haavelmo

"for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures"

Literature 1989

Camilo José Cela

"for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability"

Peace 1989

The 14th Dalai Lama

"for advocating peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people"

Physics 1989

Norman F. Ramsey

"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"

Hans G. Dehmelt

"for the development of the ion trap technique"

Wolfgang Paul

"for the development of the ion trap technique"

Physiology or Medicine 1989

J. Michael Bishop

"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"

Harold E. Varmus

"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"

Chemistry 1988

Johann Deisenhofer

"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"

Robert Huber

"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"

Hartmut Michel

"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"

Economic Sciences 1988

Maurice Allais

"for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources"

Literature 1988

Naguib Mahfouz

"who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind"

Peace 1988

United Nations Peacekeeping Forces

"for preventing armed clashes and creating conditions for negotiations"

Physics 1988

Leon M. Lederman

"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"

Melvin Schwartz

"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"

Jack Steinberger

"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"

Physiology or Medicine 1988

Sir James W. Black

"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"

Gertrude B. Elion

"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"

George H. Hitchings

"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"

Chemistry 1987

Donald J. Cram

"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"

Jean-Marie Lehn

"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"

Charles J. Pedersen

"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"

Economic Sciences 1987

Robert M. Solow

"for his contributions to the theory of economic growth"

Literature 1987

Joseph Brodsky

"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"

Peace 1987

Oscar Arias Sánchez

"for his work for lasting peace in Central America"

Physics 1987

J. Georg Bednorz

"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"

K. Alex Müller

"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"

Physiology or Medicine 1987

Susumu Tonegawa

"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"

Chemistry 1986

Dudley R. Herschbach

"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"

Yuan T. Lee

"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"

John C. Polanyi

"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"

Economic Sciences 1986

James M. Buchanan Jr.

"for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making"

Literature 1986

Wole Soyinka

"who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence"

Peace 1986

Elie Wiesel

"for being a messenger to mankind: his message is one of peace, atonement and dignity"

Physics 1986

Ernst Ruska

"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope"

Gerd Binnig

"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"

Heinrich Rohrer

"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"

Physiology or Medicine 1986

Stanley Cohen

"for their discoveries of growth factors"

Rita Levi-Montalcini

"for their discoveries of growth factors"

Chemistry 1985

Herbert A. Hauptman

"for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"

Jerome Karle

"for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"

Economic Sciences 1985

Franco Modigliani

"for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets"

Literature 1985

Claude Simon

"who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition"

Peace 1985

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War

"for spreading authoritative information and by creating awareness of the catastrophic consequences of nuclear war"

Physics 1985

Klaus von Klitzing

"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"

Physiology or Medicine 1985

Michael S. Brown

"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"

Joseph L. Goldstein

"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"

Chemistry 1984

Bruce Merrifield

"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"

Economic Sciences 1984

Richard Stone

"for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis"

Literature 1984

Jaroslav Seifert

"for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man"

Peace 1984

Desmond Tutu

"for his role as a unifying leader figure in the non-violent campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa"

Physics 1984

Carlo Rubbia

"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"

Simon van der Meer

"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"

Physiology or Medicine 1984

Niels K. Jerne

"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"

Georges J.F. Köhler

"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"

César Milstein

"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"

Chemistry 1983

Henry Taube

"for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"

Economic Sciences 1983

Gerard Debreu

"for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium"

Literature 1983

William Golding

"for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today"

Peace 1983

Lech Wałęsa

"for non-violent struggle for free trade unions and human rights in Poland"

Physics 1983

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"

William A. Fowler

"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"

Physiology or Medicine 1983

Barbara McClintock

"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"

Chemistry 1982

Aaron Klug

"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"

Economic Sciences 1982

George J. Stigler

"for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation"

Literature 1982

Gabriel García Márquez

"for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts"

Peace 1982

Alva Myrdal

"for their work for disarmament and nuclear and weapon-free zones"

Alfonso García Robles

"for their work for disarmament and nuclear and weapon-free zones"

Physics 1982

Kenneth G. Wilson

"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions"

Physiology or Medicine 1982

Sune K. Bergström

"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"

Bengt I. Samuelsson

"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"

John R. Vane

"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"

Chemistry 1981

Kenichi Fukui

"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"

Roald Hoffmann

"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"

Economic Sciences 1981

James Tobin

"for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices"

Literature 1981

Elias Canetti

"for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"

Peace 1981

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

"for promoting the fundamental rights of refugees"

Physics 1981

Nicolaas Bloembergen

"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"

Arthur L. Schawlow

"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"

Kai M. Siegbahn

"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy"

Physiology or Medicine 1981

Roger W. Sperry

"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"

David H. Hubel

"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"

Torsten N. Wiesel

"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"

Chemistry 1980

Paul Berg

"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"

Walter Gilbert

"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"

Frederick Sanger

"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"

Economic Sciences 1980

Lawrence R. Klein

"for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"

Literature 1980

Czesław Miłosz

"who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts"

Peace 1980

Adolfo Pérez Esquivel

"for being a source of inspiration to repressed people, especially in Latin America"

Physics 1980

James Cronin

"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"

Val Fitch

"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"

Physiology or Medicine 1980

Baruj Benacerraf

"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"

Jean Dausset

"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"

George D. Snell

"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"

Chemistry 1979

Herbert C. Brown

"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"

Georg Wittig

"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"

Economic Sciences 1979

Theodore W. Schultz

"for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries"

Sir Arthur Lewis

"for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries"

Literature 1979

Odysseus Elytis

"for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness"

Peace 1979

Mother Teresa

"for her work for bringing help to suffering humanity"

Physics 1979

Sheldon Glashow

"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"

Abdus Salam

"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"

Steven Weinberg

"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"

Physiology or Medicine 1979

Allan M. Cormack

"for the development of computer assisted tomography"

Godfrey N. Hounsfield

"for the development of computer assisted tomography"

Chemistry 1978

Peter Mitchell

"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"

Economic Sciences 1978

Herbert Simon

"for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations"

Literature 1978

Isaac Bashevis Singer

"for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"

Peace 1978

Anwar al-Sadat

"for jointly having negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel in 1978"

Menachem Begin

"for jointly having negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel in 1978"

Physics 1978

Pyotr Kapitsa

"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics"

Arno Penzias

"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"

Robert Woodrow Wilson

"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"

Physiology or Medicine 1978

Werner Arber

"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"

Daniel Nathans

"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"

Hamilton O. Smith

"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"

Chemistry 1977

Ilya Prigogine

"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"

Economic Sciences 1977

Bertil Ohlin

"for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements"

James E. Meade

"for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements"

Literature 1977

Vicente Aleixandre

"for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars"

Peace 1977

Amnesty International

"for worldwide respect for human rights"

Physics 1977

Philip W. Anderson

"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"

Sir Nevill F. Mott

"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"

John H. Van Vleck

"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"

Physiology or Medicine 1977

Roger Guillemin

"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"

Andrew V. Schally

"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"

Rosalyn Yalow

"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"

Chemistry 1976

William Lipscomb

"for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"

Economic Sciences 1976

Milton Friedman

"for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy"

Literature 1976

Saul Bellow

"for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"

Peace 1976

Betty Williams

"for the courageous efforts in founding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Ireland"

Mairead Corrigan

"for the courageous efforts in founding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Ireland"

Physics 1976

Burton Richter

"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"

Samuel C.C. Ting

"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"

Physiology or Medicine 1976

Baruch S. Blumberg

"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"

D. Carleton Gajdusek

"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"

Chemistry 1975

John Cornforth

"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"

Vladimir Prelog

"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"

Economic Sciences 1975

Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich

"for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"

Tjalling C. Koopmans

"for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"

Literature 1975

Eugenio Montale

"for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions"

Peace 1975

Andrei Sakharov

"for his struggle for human rights in the Soviet Union, for disarmament and cooperation between all nations"

Physics 1975

Aage N. Bohr

"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"

Ben R. Mottelson

"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"

James Rainwater

"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"

Physiology or Medicine 1975

David Baltimore

"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"

Renato Dulbecco

"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"

Howard M. Temin

"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"

Chemistry 1974

Paul J. Flory

"for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules"

Economic Sciences 1974

Gunnar Myrdal

"for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena"

Friedrich von Hayek

"for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena"

Literature 1974

Eyvind Johnson

"for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom"

Harry Martinson

"for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos"

Peace 1974

Seán MacBride

"for his efforts to secure and develop human rights throughout the world"

Eisaku Satō

"for his contribution to stabilize conditions in the Pacific rim area and for signing the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty"

Physics 1974

Martin Ryle

"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"

Antony Hewish

"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"

Physiology or Medicine 1974

Albert Claude

"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"

Christian de Duve

"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"

George E. Palade

"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"

Chemistry 1973

Ernst Otto Fischer

"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"

Geoffrey Wilkinson

"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"

Economic Sciences 1973

Wassily Leontief

"for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems"

Literature 1973

Patrick White

"for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature"

Peace 1973

Henry Kissinger

"for jointly having negotiated a cease fire in Vietnam in 1973"

Le Duc Tho

"for jointly having negotiated a cease fire in Vietnam in 1973"

Physics 1973

Leo Esaki

"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"

Ivar Giaever

"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"

Brian D. Josephson

"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects"

Physiology or Medicine 1973

Karl von Frisch

"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"

Konrad Lorenz

"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"

Nikolaas Tinbergen

"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"

Chemistry 1972

Christian Anfinsen

"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"

Stanford Moore

"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"

William H. Stein

"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"

Economic Sciences 1972

John R. Hicks

"for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"

Kenneth J. Arrow

"for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"

Literature 1972

Heinrich Böll

"for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature"

Peace 1972

Physics 1972

John Bardeen

"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"

Leon N. Cooper

"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"

Robert Schrieffer

"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"

Physiology or Medicine 1972

Gerald M. Edelman

"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"

Rodney R. Porter

"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"

Chemistry 1971

Gerhard Herzberg

"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"

Economic Sciences 1971

Simon Kuznets

"for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development"

Literature 1971

Pablo Neruda

"for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams"

Peace 1971

Willy Brandt

"for paving the way for a meaningful dialogue between East and West"

Physics 1971

Dennis Gabor

"for his invention and development of the holographic method"

Physiology or Medicine 1971

Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.

"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"

Chemistry 1970

Luis Leloir

"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"

Economic Sciences 1970

Paul A. Samuelson

"for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science"

Literature 1970

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

"for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature"

Peace 1970

Norman Borlaug

"for having given a well-founded hope - the green revolution"

Physics 1970

Hannes Alfvén

"for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics"

Louis Néel

"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics"

Physiology or Medicine 1970

Sir Bernard Katz

"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"

Ulf von Euler

"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"

Julius Axelrod

"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"

Chemistry 1969

Derek Barton

"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"

Odd Hassel

"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"

Economic Sciences 1969

Ragnar Frisch

"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes"

Jan Tinbergen

"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes"

Literature 1969

Samuel Beckett

"for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation"

Peace 1969

International Labour Organization

"for creating international legislation insuring certain norms for working conditions in every country"

Physics 1969

Murray Gell-Mann

"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"

Physiology or Medicine 1969

Max Delbrück

"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"

Alfred D. Hershey

"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"

Salvador E. Luria

"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"

Chemistry 1968

Lars Onsager

"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"

Literature 1968

Yasunari Kawabata

"for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind"

Peace 1968

René Cassin

"for his struggle to ensure the rights of man as stipulated in the UN Declaration"

Physics 1968

Luis Alvarez

"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis"

Physiology or Medicine 1968

Robert W. Holley

"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"

H. Gobind Khorana

"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"

Marshall W. Nirenberg

"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"

Chemistry 1967

Manfred Eigen

"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"

Ronald G.W. Norrish

"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"

George Porter

"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"

Literature 1967

Miguel Angel Asturias

"for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"

Peace 1967

Physics 1967

Hans Bethe

"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"

Physiology or Medicine 1967

Ragnar Granit

"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"

Keffer Hartline

"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"

George Wald

"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"

Chemistry 1966

Robert S. Mulliken

"for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"

Literature 1966

Shmuel Agnon

"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"

Nelly Sachs

"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"

Peace 1966

Physics 1966

Alfred Kastler

"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms"

Physiology or Medicine 1966

Peyton Rous

"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"

Charles B. Huggins

"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"

Chemistry 1965

Robert B. Woodward

"for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"

Literature 1965

Mikhail Sholokhov

"for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people"

Peace 1965

United Nations Children's Fund

"for its effort to enhance solidarity between nations and reduce the difference between rich and poor states"

Physics 1965

Sin-Itiro Tomonaga

"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"

Julian Schwinger

"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"

Richard P. Feynman

"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"

Physiology or Medicine 1965

François Jacob

"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"

André Lwoff

"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"

Jacques Monod

"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"

Chemistry 1964

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin

"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"

Literature 1964

Jean-Paul Sartre

"for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age"

Peace 1964

Martin Luther King Jr.

"for his non-violent struggle for civil rights for the Afro-American population"

Physics 1964

Charles H. Townes

"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"

Nicolay G. Basov

"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"

Aleksandr M. Prokhorov

"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"

Physiology or Medicine 1964

Konrad Bloch

"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"

Feodor Lynen

"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"

Chemistry 1963

Karl Ziegler

"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"

Giulio Natta

"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"

Literature 1963

Giorgos Seferis

"for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture"

Peace 1963

International Committee of the Red Cross

"for promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and cooperation with the UN"

League of Red Cross Societies

"for promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and cooperation with the UN"

Physics 1963

Eugene Wigner

"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"

Maria Goeppert Mayer

"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"

J. Hans D. Jensen

"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"

Physiology or Medicine 1963

Sir John Eccles

"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"

Alan Hodgkin

"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"

Andrew Huxley

"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"

Chemistry 1962

Max F. Perutz

"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"

John C. Kendrew

"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"

Literature 1962

John Steinbeck

"for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"

Peace 1962

Linus Pauling

"for his fight against the nuclear arms race between East and West"

Physics 1962

Lev Landau

"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"

Physiology or Medicine 1962

Francis Crick

"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"

James Watson

"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"

Maurice Wilkins

"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"

Chemistry 1961

Melvin Calvin

"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"

Literature 1961

Ivo Andrić

"for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country"

Peace 1961

Dag Hammarskjöld

"for developing the UN into an effective and constructive international organization, capable of giving life to the principles and aims expressed in the UN Charter"

Physics 1961

Robert Hofstadter

"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"

Rudolf Mössbauer

"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name"

Physiology or Medicine 1961

Georg von Békésy

"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"

Chemistry 1960

Willard F. Libby

"for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"

Literature 1960

Saint-John Perse

"for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time"

Peace 1960

Albert Lutuli

"for his non-violent struggle against apartheid"

Physics 1960

Donald A. Glaser

"for the invention of the bubble chamber"

Physiology or Medicine 1960

Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet

"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"

Peter Medawar

"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"

Chemistry 1959

Jaroslav Heyrovsky

"for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis"

Literature 1959

Salvatore Quasimodo

"for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times"

Peace 1959

Philip Noel-Baker

"for his longstanding contribution to the cause of disarmament and peace"

Physics 1959

Emilio Segrè

"for their discovery of the antiproton"

Owen Chamberlain

"for their discovery of the antiproton"

Physiology or Medicine 1959

Severo Ochoa

"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"

Arthur Kornberg

"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"

Chemistry 1958

Frederick Sanger

"for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin"

Literature 1958

Boris Pasternak

"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"

Peace 1958

Georges Pire

"for his efforts to help refugees to leave their camps and return to a life of freedom and dignity"

Physics 1958

Pavel A. Cherenkov

"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"

Il´ja M. Frank

"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"

Igor Y. Tamm

"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"

Physiology or Medicine 1958

George Beadle

"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"

Edward Tatum

"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"

Joshua Lederberg

"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"

Chemistry 1957

Lord Todd

"for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes"

Literature 1957

Albert Camus

"for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times"

Peace 1957

Lester Bowles Pearson

"for his crucial contribution to the deployment of a United Nations Emergency Force in the wake of the Suez Crisis"

Physics 1957

Chen Ning Yang

"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"

Tsung-Dao Lee

"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"

Physiology or Medicine 1957

Daniel Bovet

"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"

Chemistry 1956

Sir Cyril Hinshelwood

"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"

Nikolay Semenov

"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"

Literature 1956

Juan Ramón Jiménez

"for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity"

Peace 1956

Physics 1956

William B. Shockley

"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"

John Bardeen

"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"

Walter H. Brattain

"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"

Physiology or Medicine 1956

André F. Cournand

"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"

Werner Forssmann

"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"

Dickinson W. Richards

"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"

Chemistry 1955

Vincent du Vigneaud

"for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"

Literature 1955

Halldór Laxness

"for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland"

Peace 1955

Physics 1955

Willis E. Lamb

"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"

Polykarp Kusch

"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"

Physiology or Medicine 1955

Hugo Theorell

"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"

Chemistry 1954

Linus Pauling

"for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"

Literature 1954

Ernest Hemingway

"for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"

Peace 1954

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

"for its efforts to heal the wounds of war by providing help and protection to refugees all over the world"

Physics 1954

Max Born

"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"

Walther Bothe

"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"

Physiology or Medicine 1954

John F. Enders

"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"

Thomas H. Weller

"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"

Frederick C. Robbins

"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"

Chemistry 1953

Hermann Staudinger

"for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"

Literature 1953

Winston Churchill

"for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values"

Peace 1953

George C. Marshall

"for proposing and supervising the plan for the economic recovery of Europe"

Physics 1953

Frits Zernike

"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"

Physiology or Medicine 1953

Hans Krebs

"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"

Fritz Lipmann

"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"

Chemistry 1952

Archer J.P. Martin

"for their invention of partition chromatography"

Richard L.M. Synge

"for their invention of partition chromatography"

Literature 1952

François Mauriac

"for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life"

Peace 1952

Albert Schweitzer

"for his altruism, reverence for life, and tireless humanitarian work which has helped making the idea of brotherhood between men and nations a living one"

Physics 1952

Felix Bloch

"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"

E. M. Purcell

"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"

Physiology or Medicine 1952

Selman A. Waksman

"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"

Chemistry 1951

Edwin M. McMillan

"for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements"

Glenn T. Seaborg

"for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements"

Literature 1951

Pär Lagerkvist

"for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind"

Peace 1951

Léon Jouhaux

"for having devoted his life to the fight against war through the promotion of social justice and brotherhood among men and nations"

Physics 1951

John Cockcroft

"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"

Ernest T.S. Walton

"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"

Physiology or Medicine 1951

Max Theiler

"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"

Chemistry 1950

Otto Diels

"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"

Kurt Alder

"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"

Literature 1950

Bertrand Russell

"in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought"

Peace 1950

Ralph Bunche

"for his work as mediator in Palestine in 1948-1949"

Physics 1950

Cecil Powell

"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"

Physiology or Medicine 1950

Edward C. Kendall

"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"

Tadeus Reichstein

"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"

Philip S. Hench

"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"

Chemistry 1949

William F. Giauque

"for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"

Literature 1949

William Faulkner

"for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel"

Peace 1949

Lord Boyd Orr

"for his lifelong effort to conquer hunger and want, thereby helping to remove a major cause of military conflict and war"

Physics 1949

Hideki Yukawa

"for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces"

Physiology or Medicine 1949

Walter Hess

"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"

Egas Moniz

"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses"

Chemistry 1948

Arne Tiselius

"for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins"

Literature 1948

T.S. Eliot

"for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry"

Peace 1948

Physics 1948

Patrick M.S. Blackett

"for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation"

Physiology or Medicine 1948

Paul Müller

"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"

Chemistry 1947

Sir Robert Robinson

"for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"

Literature 1947

André Gide

"for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"

Peace 1947

Friends Service Council

"for their pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering, thereby promoting the fraternity between nations"

American Friends Service Committee

"for their pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering, thereby promoting the fraternity between nations"

Physics 1947

Edward V. Appleton

"for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer"

Physiology or Medicine 1947

Carl Cori

"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"

Gerty Cori

"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"

Bernardo Houssay

"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"

Chemistry 1946

James B. Sumner

"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"

John H. Northrop

"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"

Wendell M. Stanley

"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"

Literature 1946

Hermann Hesse

"for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style"

Peace 1946

Emily Greene Balch

"for her lifelong work for the cause of peace"

John R. Mott

"for his contribution to the creation of a peace-promoting religious brotherhood across national boundaries"

Physics 1946

Percy W. Bridgman

"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics"

Physiology or Medicine 1946

Hermann J. Muller

"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"

Chemistry 1945

Artturi Virtanen

"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"

Literature 1945

Gabriela Mistral

"for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"

Peace 1945

Cordell Hull

"for his indefatigable work for international understanding and his pivotal role in establishing the United Nations"

Physics 1945

Wolfgang Pauli

"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle"

Physiology or Medicine 1945

Sir Alexander Fleming

"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"

Ernst B. Chain

"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"

Sir Howard Florey

"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"

Chemistry 1944

Otto Hahn

"for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"

Literature 1944

Johannes V. Jensen

"for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"

Peace 1944

International Committee of the Red Cross

"for the great work it has performed during the war on behalf of humanity"

Physics 1944

Isidor Isaac Rabi

"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"

Physiology or Medicine 1944

Joseph Erlanger

"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"

Herbert S. Gasser

"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"

Chemistry 1943

George de Hevesy

"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"

Literature 1943

Peace 1943

Physics 1943

Otto Stern

"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"

Physiology or Medicine 1943

Henrik Dam

"for his discovery of vitamin K"

Edward A. Doisy

"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"

Physiology or Medicine 1942

Physiology or Medicine 1941

Physiology or Medicine 1940

Chemistry 1939

Adolf Butenandt

"for his work on sex hormones"

Leopold Ruzicka

"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"

Literature 1939

Frans Eemil Sillanpää

"for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature"

Peace 1939

Physics 1939

Ernest Lawrence

"for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"

Physiology or Medicine 1939

Gerhard Domagk

"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"

Chemistry 1938

Richard Kuhn

"for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"

Literature 1938

Pearl Buck

"for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"

Peace 1938

Nansen International Office for Refugees

"for having carried on the work of Fridtjof Nansen to the benefit of refugees across Europe"

Physics 1938

Enrico Fermi

"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"

Physiology or Medicine 1938

Corneille Heymans

"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"

Chemistry 1937

Norman Haworth

"for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C"

Paul Karrer

"for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"

Literature 1937

Roger Martin du Gard

"for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault"

Peace 1937

Robert Cecil, Viscount Cecil of Chelwood

"for his tireless effort in support of the League of Nations, disarmament and peace"

Physics 1937

Clinton Davisson

"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"

George Paget Thomson

"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"

Physiology or Medicine 1937

Albert Szent-Györgyi

"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"

Chemistry 1936

Peter Debye

"for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"

Literature 1936

Eugene O'Neill

"for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy"

Peace 1936

Carlos Saavedra Lamas

"for his role as father of the Argentine Antiwar Pact of 1933, which he also used as a means to mediate peace between Paraguay and Bolivia in 1935"

Physics 1936

Victor F. Hess

"for his discovery of cosmic radiation"

Carl D. Anderson

"for his discovery of the positron"

Physiology or Medicine 1936

Sir Henry Dale

"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"

Otto Loewi

"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"

Chemistry 1935

Frédéric Joliot

"in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements"

Irène Joliot-Curie

"in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements"

Literature 1935

Peace 1935

Carl von Ossietzky

"for his burning love for freedom of thought and expression and his valuable contribution to the cause of peace"

Physics 1935

James Chadwick

"for the discovery of the neutron"

Physiology or Medicine 1935

Hans Spemann

"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"

Chemistry 1934

Harold C. Urey

"for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"

Literature 1934

Luigi Pirandello

"for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art"

Peace 1934

Arthur Henderson

"for his untiring struggle and his courageous efforts as Chairman of the League of Nations Disarmament Conference 1931-34"

Physics 1934

Physiology or Medicine 1934

George H. Whipple

"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"

George R. Minot

"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"

William P. Murphy

"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"

Chemistry 1933

Literature 1933

Ivan Bunin

"for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing"

Peace 1933

Sir Norman Angell

"for having exposed by his pen the illusion of war and presented a convincing plea for international cooperation and peace"

Physics 1933

Erwin Schrödinger

"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"

Paul A.M. Dirac

"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"

Physiology or Medicine 1933

Thomas H. Morgan

"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"

Chemistry 1932

Irving Langmuir

"for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"

Literature 1932

John Galsworthy

"for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga"

Peace 1932

Physics 1932

Werner Heisenberg

"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"

Physiology or Medicine 1932

Sir Charles Sherrington

"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"

Edgar Adrian

"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"

Chemistry 1931

Carl Bosch

"in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"

Friedrich Bergius

"in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"

Literature 1931

Erik Axel Karlfeldt

"The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt"

Peace 1931

Jane Addams

"for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind"

Nicholas Murray Butler

"for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind"

Physics 1931

Physiology or Medicine 1931

Otto Warburg

"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"

Chemistry 1930

Hans Fischer

"for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"

Literature 1930

Sinclair Lewis

"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters"

Peace 1930

Nathan Söderblom

"for promoting Christian unity and helping create 'that new attitude of mind which is necessary if peace between nations is to become reality'"

Physics 1930

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"

Physiology or Medicine 1930

Karl Landsteiner

"for his discovery of human blood groups"

Chemistry 1929

Arthur Harden

"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"

Hans von Euler-Chelpin

"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"

Literature 1929

Thomas Mann

"principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature"

Peace 1929

Frank B. Kellogg

"for his crucial role in bringing about the Briand-Kellogg Pact"

Physics 1929

Louis de Broglie

"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons"

Physiology or Medicine 1929

Christiaan Eijkman

"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"

Sir Frederick Hopkins

"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"

Chemistry 1928

Adolf Windaus

"for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins"

Literature 1928

Sigrid Undset

"principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"

Peace 1928

Physics 1928

Owen Willans Richardson

"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him"

Physiology or Medicine 1928

Charles Nicolle

"for his work on typhus"

Chemistry 1927

Heinrich Wieland

"for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"

Literature 1927

Henri Bergson

"in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"

Peace 1927

Ferdinand Buisson

"for their contribution to the emergence in France and Germany of a public opinion which favours peaceful international cooperation"

Ludwig Quidde

"for their contribution to the emergence in France and Germany of a public opinion which favours peaceful international cooperation"

Physics 1927

Arthur H. Compton

"for his discovery of the effect named after him"

C.T.R. Wilson

"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"

Physiology or Medicine 1927

Julius Wagner-Jauregg

"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"

Chemistry 1926

The Svedberg

"for his work on disperse systems"

Literature 1926

Grazia Deledda

"for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"

Peace 1926

Aristide Briand

"for their crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty"

Gustav Stresemann

"for their crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty"

Physics 1926

Jean Baptiste Perrin

"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium"

Physiology or Medicine 1926

Johannes Fibiger

"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"

Chemistry 1925

Richard Zsigmondy

"for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry"

Literature 1925

George Bernard Shaw

"for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty"

Peace 1925

Sir Austen Chamberlain

"for his crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty"

Charles G. Dawes

"for his crucial role in bringing about the Dawes Plan"

Physics 1925

James Franck

"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"

Gustav Hertz

"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"

Physiology or Medicine 1925

Chemistry 1924

Literature 1924

Władysław Reymont

"for his great national epic, The Peasants"

Peace 1924

Physics 1924

Manne Siegbahn

"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy"

Physiology or Medicine 1924

Willem Einthoven

"for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"

Chemistry 1923

Fritz Pregl

"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"

Literature 1923

William Butler Yeats

"for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation"

Peace 1923

Physics 1923

Robert A. Millikan

"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"

Physiology or Medicine 1923

Frederick G. Banting

"for the discovery of insulin"

John Macleod

"for the discovery of insulin"

Chemistry 1922

Francis W. Aston

"for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"

Literature 1922

Jacinto Benavente

"for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama"

Peace 1922

Fridtjof Nansen

"for his leading role in the repatriation of prisoners of war, in international relief work and as the League of Nations' High Commissioner for refugees"

Physics 1922

Niels Bohr

"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"

Physiology or Medicine 1922

Archibald V. Hill

"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"

Otto Meyerhof

"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"

Chemistry 1921

Frederick Soddy

"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"

Literature 1921

Anatole France

"in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament"

Peace 1921

Hjalmar Branting

"for their lifelong contributions to the cause of peace and organized internationalism"

Christian Lange

"for their lifelong contributions to the cause of peace and organized internationalism"

Physics 1921

Albert Einstein

"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"

Physiology or Medicine 1921

Chemistry 1920

Walther Nernst

"in recognition of his work in thermochemistry"

Literature 1920

Knut Hamsun

"for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil"

Peace 1920

Léon Bourgeois

"for his longstanding contribution to the cause of peace and justice and his prominent role in the establishment of the League of Nations"

Physics 1920

Charles Edouard Guillaume

"in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys"

Physiology or Medicine 1920

August Krogh

"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"

Chemistry 1919

Literature 1919

Carl Spitteler

"in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring"

Peace 1919

Woodrow Wilson

"for his role as founder of the League of Nations"

Physics 1919

Johannes Stark

"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"

Physiology or Medicine 1919

Jules Bordet

"for his discoveries relating to immunity"

Chemistry 1918

Fritz Haber

"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"

Literature 1918

Peace 1918

Physics 1918

Max Planck

"in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta"

Physiology or Medicine 1918

Chemistry 1917

Literature 1917

Karl Gjellerup

"for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals"

Henrik Pontoppidan

"for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark"

Peace 1917

International Committee of the Red Cross

"for the efforts to take care of wounded soldiers and prisoners of war and their families"

Physics 1917

Charles Glover Barkla

"for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements"

Physiology or Medicine 1917

Chemistry 1916

Literature 1916

Verner von Heidenstam

"in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature"

Peace 1916

Physics 1916

Physiology or Medicine 1916

Chemistry 1915

Richard Willstätter

"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"

Literature 1915

Romain Rolland

"as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings"

Peace 1915

Physics 1915

William Bragg

"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays"

Lawrence Bragg

"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays"

Physiology or Medicine 1915

Chemistry 1914

Theodore W. Richards

"in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"

Literature 1914

Peace 1914

Physics 1914

Max von Laue

"for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals"

Physiology or Medicine 1914

Robert Bárány

"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"

Chemistry 1913

Alfred Werner

"in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry"

Literature 1913

Rabindranath Tagore

"because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West"

Peace 1913

Henri La Fontaine

"for his unparalleled contribution to the organization of peaceful internationalism"

Physics 1913

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes

"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium"

Physiology or Medicine 1913

Charles Richet

"in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis"

Chemistry 1912

Victor Grignard

"for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry"

Paul Sabatier

"for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years"

Literature 1912

Gerhart Hauptmann

"primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art"

Peace 1912

Elihu Root

"for bringing about better understanding between the countries of North and South America and initiating important arbitration agreements between the United States and other countries"

Physics 1912

Gustaf Dalén

"for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys"

Physiology or Medicine 1912

Alexis Carrel

"in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"

Chemistry 1911

Marie Curie

"in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"

Literature 1911

Maurice Maeterlinck

"in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations"

Peace 1911

Tobias Asser

"for his role as co-founder of the Institut de droit international, initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law (Conférences de Droit international privé) at the Hague, and pioneer in the field of international legal relations"

Alfred Fried

"for his effort to expose and fight what he considers to be the main cause of war, namely, the anarchy in international relations"

Physics 1911

Wilhelm Wien

"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat"

Physiology or Medicine 1911

Allvar Gullstrand

"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"

Chemistry 1910

Otto Wallach

"in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"

Literature 1910

Paul Heyse

"as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"

Peace 1910

Permanent International Peace Bureau

"for acting as a link between the peace societies of the various countries, and helping them to organize the world rallies of the international peace movement"

Physics 1910

Johannes Diderik van der Waals

"for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids"

Physiology or Medicine 1910

Albrecht Kossel

"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"

Chemistry 1909

Wilhelm Ostwald

"in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"

Literature 1909

Selma Lagerlöf

"in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"

Peace 1909

Auguste Beernaert

"for their prominent position in the international movement for peace and arbitration"

Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant

"for their prominent position in the international movement for peace and arbitration"

Physics 1909

Guglielmo Marconi

"in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"

Ferdinand Braun

"in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"

Physiology or Medicine 1909

Theodor Kocher

"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"

Chemistry 1908

Ernest Rutherford

"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"

Literature 1908

Rudolf Eucken

"in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life"

Peace 1908

Klas Pontus Arnoldson

"for their long time work for the cause of peace as politicians, peace society leaders, orators and authors"

Fredrik Bajer

"for their long time work for the cause of peace as politicians, peace society leaders, orators and authors"

Physics 1908

Gabriel Lippmann

"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"

Physiology or Medicine 1908

Ilya Mechnikov

"in recognition of their work on immunity"

Paul Ehrlich

"in recognition of their work on immunity"

Chemistry 1907

Eduard Buchner

"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"

Literature 1907

Rudyard Kipling

"in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author"

Peace 1907

Ernesto Teodoro Moneta

"for his work in the press and in peace meetings, both public and private, for an understanding between France and Italy"

Louis Renault

"for his decisive influence upon the conduct and outcome of the Hague and Geneva Conferences"

Physics 1907

Albert A. Michelson

"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"

Physiology or Medicine 1907

Alphonse Laveran

"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"

Chemistry 1906

Henri Moissan

"in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him"

Literature 1906

Giosuè Carducci

"not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces"

Peace 1906

Theodore Roosevelt

"for his role in bringing to an end the bloody war recently waged between two of the world's great powers, Japan and Russia"

Physics 1906

J.J. Thomson

"in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"

Physiology or Medicine 1906

Camillo Golgi

"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"

Santiago Ramón y Cajal

"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"

Chemistry 1905

Adolf von Baeyer

"in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"

Literature 1905

Henryk Sienkiewicz

"because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer"

Peace 1905

Bertha von Suttner

"for her audacity to oppose the horrors of war"

Physics 1905

Philipp Lenard

"for his work on cathode rays"

Physiology or Medicine 1905

Robert Koch

"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"

Chemistry 1904

Sir William Ramsay

"in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"

Literature 1904

Frédéric Mistral

"in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist"

José Echegaray

"in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama"

Peace 1904

Institute of International Law

"for its striving in public law to develop peaceful ties between nations and to make the laws of war more humane"

Physics 1904

Lord Rayleigh

"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies"

Physiology or Medicine 1904

Ivan Pavlov

"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"

Chemistry 1903

Svante Arrhenius

"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation"

Literature 1903

Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson

"as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit"

Peace 1903

Randal Cremer

"for his longstanding and devoted effort in favour of the ideas of peace and arbitration"

Physics 1903

Henri Becquerel

"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity"

Pierre Curie

"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"

Marie Curie

"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"

Physiology or Medicine 1903

Niels Ryberg Finsen

"in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"

Chemistry 1902

Emil Fischer

"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses"

Literature 1902

Theodor Mommsen

"the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome"

Peace 1902

Élie Ducommun

"for his untiring and skilful directorship of the Bern Peace Bureau"

Albert Gobat

"for his eminently practical administration of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"

Physics 1902

Hendrik A. Lorentz

"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"

Pieter Zeeman

"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"

Physiology or Medicine 1902

Ronald Ross

"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"

Chemistry 1901

Jacobus H. van 't Hoff

"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"

Literature 1901

Sully Prudhomme

"in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect"

Peace 1901

Henry Dunant

"for his humanitarian efforts to help wounded soldiers and create international understanding"

Frédéric Passy

"for his lifelong work for international peace conferences, diplomacy and arbitration"

Physics 1901

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him"

Physiology or Medicine 1901

Emil von Behring

"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"

All Awards

Susumu Kitagawa

Richard Robson

Omar M. Yaghi

Joel Mokyr

Philippe Aghion

Peter Howitt

László Krasznahorkai

Maria Corina Machado

John Clarke

Michel H. Devoret

John M. Martinis

Mary E. Brunkow

Fred Ramsdell

Shimon Sakaguchi

David Baker

Demis Hassabis

John Jumper

Daron Acemoglu

Simon Johnson

James A. Robinson

Han Kang

Nihon Hidankyo

John J. Hopfield

Geoffrey Hinton

Victor Ambros

Gary Ruvkun

Moungi Bawendi

Louis Brus

Aleksey Yekimov

Claudia Goldin

Jon Fosse

Narges Mohammadi

Pierre Agostini

Ferenc Krausz

Anne L’Huillier

Katalin Karikó

Drew Weissman

Carolyn Bertozzi

Morten Meldal

K. Barry Sharpless

Ben Bernanke

Douglas Diamond

Philip Dybvig

Annie Ernaux

Ales Bialiatski

Memorial

Center for Civil Liberties

Alain Aspect

John Clauser

Anton Zeilinger

Svante Pääbo

Benjamin List

David W.C. MacMillan

David Card

Joshua D. Angrist

Guido W. Imbens

Abdulrazak Gurnah

Maria Ressa

Dmitry Muratov

Syukuro Manabe

Klaus Hasselmann

Giorgio Parisi

David Julius

Ardem Patapoutian

Emmanuelle Charpentier

Jennifer A. Doudna

Paul R. Milgrom

Robert B. Wilson

Louise Glück

World Food Programme

Roger Penrose

Reinhard Genzel

Andrea Ghez

Harvey J. Alter

Michael Houghton

Charles M. Rice

John B. Goodenough

M. Stanley Whittingham

Akira Yoshino